Mona Lisa and Last Supper - 3080 Words

1. The Last Supper is a mural painting by Leonardo da Vinci for his patron Duke Lodovico Sforza. It represents the scene of The Last Supper from the final days of Jesus as depicted in the Bible. The painting is based on John 13:21, in which Jesus announced that one of his 12 disciples would betray him. The painting is one of the most well known and valued in the world; unlike many other valuable paintings, however, it has never been privately owned because it cannot be moved. Ð ¢he painting measures 460 Ãâ€" 880 cm and can be found in the refectory of the convent (Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ã'‹Ã'€Ã'Å') of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. The theme was a traditional one for refectories (Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ¿Ã µÃ ·Ã ½Ã °Ã' ; Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã' ), but Leonardos interpretation gave it much greater realism†¦show more content†¦It is believed, through early copies, that Jesus feet were in a position symbolizing the forthcoming crucifixion. A first restoration was attempted in 1726 by Michelangelo Bellotti, who filled in missing sections with oil paint then varnished the whole. The last restoration took 22 years and on May 28, 1999 the painting was put back on display, although intending visitors are required to book ahead and can only stay for 15 minutes. When it was unveiled, considerable controversy was aroused by the dramatic changes in colours, tones, and even some facial shapes. James Beck, professor of art history at Columbia University and founder of ArtWatch International, has been a particularly strong critic. 5. The Last Supper in culture A fine 16th century oil on canvas copy is conserved in the abbey of Tongerlo, Antwerp, Belgium. It reveals many details that are no longer visible on the original. The Roman mosaic artist Giacomo Raffaelli made another life-sized copy (1809-1814) in the Viennese Minorite Church. A play has also been written called The Living Last Supper, in which the painting is depicted on stage and the twelve disciples break from the group individually and address the audience. There is a theory, first publicized in The Templar Revelation by Lynn Picknett and Clive Prince, thatShow MoreRelatedThe Last Supper And Mona Lisa978 Words   |  4 Pagescompleted after twelve years. De Vinci redefined both the area of painting and sculpting by pushing the boundaries. De Vinci was responsible for two of the most historical pieces in the world; â€Å"The Last Supper† and â€Å"Mona Lisa†. During the time frame of 1495 to 1498 he worked on infamous â€Å"The Last Supper†, this painting was a â€Å"tempera and oil paint mural on plaster† (History.com). Da Vinci wanted to portray The Passover dinner, and how Jesus mentions to the apostles that one of the twelve will in factRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci : The Mona Lisa And The Last Supper1376 Words   |  6 Pagescross so many disciplines he epitomized the name of  ¨Renaissance man. ¨ If you ask people about him, most people will recognize him for his art, especially two paintings that are remaining as the worlds most admired and most famous, The Mona Lisa and the Last Supper. A fun fact about Leonardo Da Vinci is that he was self-taught. He also had dozens of secret notebooks that are filled with Observations, Inventions, and theories he had about pursuits from anatomy to aeronautics.But the rest of the worldRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci s The Last Supper And Mona Lisa1030 Words   |  5 Pagesto biography.com, the article about the writer, mathematician, inventor, and artist Leonardo da Vinci states that, â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci was a leading artist ad intellectual of the Italian Renaissance who’s known for his enduring works â€Å"The Last Supper† and â€Å"Mona Lisa† †. Leonardo da Vinci was born in Vinci, Italy on April 15, 1452. He was born out of wedlock being raised by his father Ser Piero along with his stepmothers. Leonardo da Vinci was into the laws of science and nature, which played a majorRead MoreRenaissance : The Last Supper And The Mona Lisa Painted By Leonardo Da Vinci Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pagesmore (à ¢â‚¬Å"Renaissance†). Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael were some of the most famous artists during the Renaissance among others (â€Å"Famous People†). Even today, the artwork of these men are still very well-known such as â€Å"The Last Supper† and the â€Å"Mona Lisa† painted by Leonardo da Vinci. Two of the main themes of the Renaissance was worldly experience and individual expression (â€Å"Renaissance†). Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 5, 1452 and died at age sixty-seven in 1519. He was born inRead MoreLeonardo Da Vincis Secrets Essay525 Words   |  3 Pagespaintings, but at second glance they are not that simple. For example, Mona Lisa has captivated humanity for centuries because of her smile and her mysterious identity and the small details in The Last Supper have posed questions about what they mean. Leonardo da Vinci attracts me because through his art he may reveal to us some hidden truths about the past and also because he knows the identity of the women in The Mona Lisa. A crowd of people is lined up at the Paris Louvre museum, patientlyRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci And The Renaissance Period1455 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and the Vitruvian Man. Leonardo was able to leave his signature and symbol of great arts down to many centuries and proved himself once to be one of the world’s greatest painter. Considered to be one of the greatest and indisputably, the most recognizable painting in the world, the Mona Lisa had captured the heart and interest of many generations. The Italian Leonardo is well known for his genius but perhaps the most well-known of his works is found in the Mona LisaRead MoreEssay on The Renaissance: Visual Analysis1515 Words   |  7 Pagesthis are The Last Supper by Leonardo Da Vinci and The School of Athens by Raphael. Leonardo Da Vinci, The Last Supper Among Da Vinci’s many works of art, The Last Supper is considered to be one of his greatest masterpieces even until today. The Last Supper is a fresco painting that designed the wall of the dining hall of a monastery in Milan (Fichner-Rathus 2008) – although it has been argued that the original painting was not traditional fresco but tempera on plaster. The Last Supper depicts Christ’sRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci And The Renaissance Man1378 Words   |  6 PagesLeonardo’s painting, the Mona Lisa, is one of the most famous paintings of all time. Using his knowledge from anatomy and sciences, he learned to perfect the muscles in human portraits. Leonardo loved both art and science, using both to his advantage. Also known as the Renaissance Man, Da Vinci was a writer, inventor and an artist. He was known to get bored of his work and move on to study something else causing him to only finish a few of his paintings. Despite Leonardo Da Vinci’s anxious na tureRead MoreThe Great Artists And Inventors During The 15th And 16th Century1263 Words   |  6 PagesLeonardo Da Vinci. Leonardo Da Vinci’s intelligence allowed him to create and invent things that none of the other inventors could make or even think of. Da Vinci painted some of the most magnificent and priceless paintings such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Da Vinci was also an inventor; he would write down all of his ideas and test some of the out. Some of these inventions play a big part of life today; these inventions include the airplane, helicopter, scuba gear, machine gun and plansRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci And The Renaissance Era1572 Words   |  7 Pagesart flourished. One of the great masters of the Renaissance known as Leonardo Da Vinci, dominated the period of the High Renaissance. The values of the Renaissance exist in the works of Leonardo Da Vinci portrayed through his paintings of Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and Salvator Mundi. The Renaissance Era was a period in Europe that lasted between the 14th century and 17th century. It was the period of time immediately following the Middle Ages in Europe that saw a great revival of interest in the

Essay on The Life of Edgar Allan Poe - 4875 Words

The Life of Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe is considered to be the father of the short story by many. Over the course of his life, he wrote hundreds of short stories and poems. His writing style is unique and influenced by the tragedies that occurred over the course of his life. In fact, he is most well known for writing morbid stories and gruesome, dismal poems. Indeed his writing habits were heavily influenced by his life. His life was full of depression, angst, and woe. Many of the people he cared for fell victim to deadly plagues and diseases. To cope with this pain, Edgar Allan Poe sought comfort in the bottom of a bottle. In his times of depression he would drink heavily and become sick for days at a time. In between his†¦show more content†¦Edgar Poe was almost three years old at the time of his mother’s death. His mother had hopes of her children being cared for by their uncle, but that did not happen. Instead, Edgar was adopted by Frances Allan. Frances was a friend of Elizabeth Poe an d frequently visited her family knowing that Elizabeth was going to pass away soon, and provided them with money, food, and toys for the children. Edgar Poe was now living in a world totally new to him. Instead of musty rented rooms and sickly mother, he now was living with a well-to-do Virginian merchant and his family. The Allans lived in large house that sat on top of John Allan’s shop. Edgar was treated as a son by the Allans and he referred to John Allan as â€Å"Pa† and Frances Allan as â€Å"Mama† (LeVert 30). During his childhood with the Allans, Poe was badly spoiled by Frances Allan. John Allan however was not as openly affectionate with his adopted son. He did nonetheless want the best for him, and spared no expense when it came to sending Edgar to school. At age four, he was enrolled by John in a dame school to learn to read and write. Suzanne LeVert wrote, â€Å"By the time he was six, Edgar was proficient in reading, drawing, and ballroom dancing† (LeVert 30). This only proves that John Allan did care for Poe and wanted only the best for him. Despite his academic accomplishments, John was still very strict with Poe. Poe’sShow MoreRelatedThe Life of Edgar Allan Poe1279 Words   |  6 PagesA Dream Within a Dream: The Life of Edgar Allan Poe As short fiction has become a more accepted genre in literary circles, Edgar Allan Poe’s stories become more popular. He’s story passed on and on, and he now consider to be the father of the short story by many. His stories were strong and powerful, one called them mystery. Not only his story, but also his life. Edgar Allan Poe was a famous detective story, science fiction, horror fiction, symbolism story and aestheticismRead MoreThe Life Of Edgar Allan Poe1666 Words   |  7 PagesThe Life of Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"Poets are shameless with their experiences: they exploit them.† ― Friedrich Nietzsche The life of Edgar Allan Poe s was short and mysterious - just like the lives of the heroes of his stories. And like his fictional heroes, Poe was passionate about painful, strange, gloomy existence of the human soul. The contradictory and unstable, inclined to extravagant whims and binges, he seemed to haveRead MoreThe Life of Edgar Allan Poe1119 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allan Poe In one case out of a hundred a point is excessively discussed because it is obscure; in the ninety-nine remaining it is obscure because it is excessively discussed. This quote by Edgar Allan Poe describes his obscure works which have been discussed and criticized in great detail for many years to come. Some readers believe that his works are too dark and eccentric maybe even deathly. Others believe his works to be masterpieces. However, one thing that is not up for debate is theRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s Life1308 Words   |  6 PagesPoe was born on January 19, 1809. Poe was born into a family that was high respected and very public, so Poe was destined to have a public career (Dameron and Jacobs). When Poe was two, his parents died (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe†) and his remaining family was split up into three different foster parents/homes. His oldest brother, William, lived with Poe’s grandfather from his father’s side of the family. Poe’s youngest sibling, Rosalie, lived with William Mackenzie. Poe went with John Allan whose wife wasRead MoreThe Mysterious Life of Edgar Allan Poe1660 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent genres. But, some people like a story that is short and to the point; Edgar Allan Poe is an author who can provide that. Although he had a rough life, Poe worked very hard to become the skillful author that is known today. Some people like horror stories and others like romances. Edgar Allan Poe is a widely accepted poet and author. He is known for his sullen horror stories and all of the tragedies in his life. Two of his most known stories are â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Fall of the HouseRead MoreMysteries in the Life of Edgar Allan Poe1277 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allan Poe There are many mysteries about the life of Edgar Allan Poe. While many are just legends, our dear poets life has many different tales. There are endless stories, and little truths. While it may be hard finding the stories in the writer’s life, they are not impossible. Edgar Allan Poe’s life was anything but easy. Most of his life was spent heartbroken and alone. He was a man gifted with amazing talent but the world failed to recognize his talents until after his death. Many believeRead MoreThe Life Of Edgar Allan Poe s Life994 Words   |  4 PagesThe Life of Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was born January 9th ,1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. He experienced death at a very early age. By the time he was three both of his parents were dead. He then got placed with foster parents John and Frances Allan. John Allan was a very wealthy man and sent Edgar to all the best boarding schools. After finishing school Edgar attended the University of Virginia. He was great in school, but unfortunately, he had to leave due to his many gambling debts. HeRead MoreThe Life and Writings of Edgar Allan Poe1023 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allan Poe, is one of the most brilliant literary writers in history. He wrote many poems and short stories throughout his rather short lifetime, most of which encompassed such themes as death, destruction, and madness. These intriguing, and often frightening tales, as well as his clever use of a multitude of literary tactics, is what set him apart from the rest, and what makes him so popular still today. Reading his work, one is sure to won der where these ideas came from. However, a littleRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s Life1092 Words   |  5 Pages Edgar Allan Poe lived in a constant state of struggle and misfortune. Poe was raised with no father, while his mother suffered from tuberculosis for the first three years of his life. Following the death of his mother, a young Poe moved into the house of John and Frances Allan. In his lifetime, Poe attended the University of Virginia for one semester, The United States Military Academy at West Point and enlisted in the military under an alias of â€Å"Edgar A. Perry.† (Ober, 1960) After constantly beingRead MoreLife and Talent of Edgar Allan Poe906 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allen Poe was bone in Boston on January 19 1809 to David and Elizabeth Poe. He lost his parents at the age of two years and had to be adopted by John Allan and his wife Frances Valentine Allan. John Allan was a very wealthy man but he only gave Edgar a third of his school requirements and this al ienated him from Edgar. When Allan’s wife dies Edgar also decides to move out because he could not put up with John Allan. Edgar loved poetry from a tender age. He even wrote verses to girls that he

The Ramayana and Trade Essay Sample free essay sample

Ramayana. described in the ancient Indian Scriptures as â€Å"Kaavayaanam uttamam† . intending the best of heroic poems provides several cases of a booming trade. The Ayodhya kanda which depicts the programs of enthronement of Rama and his subsequent departure for the Vanvaas or expatriate has several mentions to the society of Ayodhya. There are mentions to extremely processed goods like incense sticks and sandal wood paste which are finished merchandises and can be safely assumed to be sold and bought for usage in auspicious occasions. Besides in the assorted mentions made to the people of the land before the anointing of Rama clearly mentions the agribusiness based citizens who came from the adjoining small towns where as the mention to the people of the metropolis of Ayodhya is mostly limited to the affluent merchandisers and edifices of rich household individuals. Valmiki Ramayana translated by Desiraju Hnaumanta Rao and K. M. K. Murthy Valmikiramayan. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ramayana and Trade Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page cyberspace. Ayodhya kanda. 16 Feb 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. valmikiramayan. net/ gt ; A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. valmikiramayan. net/ayodhya/sarga6/ayodhya_6_prose. htm gt ; When Rama is banished to the woods by his measure mother Queen Kaikeyi. the heartache of the metropolis of Ayodhya is described therefore â€Å"No one felt any delectation or gladfulness. merchandisers would non expose their wares. no goods were set out to catch the eye†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Pollock 249 ) To add acceptance to the presence of a booming trade is the reference of currency in Rama rajya which consisted of gold coins ( Athavale 34 ) Besides the reference of the Manu Dharma in Ramayana period is itself declarative of the presence of trade because Manu Dharma provides for four categories in society out of which Vaisya is translated as a bargainer or a merchandiser and to this twenty-four hours assorted descendants of this community are seen first as bargainers. On a lighter note. the reference of vocalists. histrions and terpsichoreans depicts a society which took good attention of its amusement industry. Plants cited Sheldon. I. Pollock.Ramayana by ValmikiNew York: NYU imperativeness. 2005 Pandurang Vaijnath Athavale.Valmiki RamayanaMichigan: University of Michigan. 1976

The Great Irish Famine Essay Example

The Great Irish Famine Essay British Government during the great famine of Ireland between 1845 and 1852. It will look at the political Ideology that Inspired the public relief works and how they failed to offer relief from starvation, but instead focused on bringing about social change inspired by largely an anti;Loris sentiment. It will also examine the role of the soup kitchens that were set up to attack famine conditions directly and how this represented and exposed the Governments lies that they in fact could have done more to prevent the deaths of so many. Considered is also the role in which Free Trade had during the famine period, when food was needed most It continued to leave the country, only for the food that did arrive to be highly out of reach for those destitute whys only Income was from the largely unsuccessful Public Relief works. At the turn of 1 840 it was estimated that the population of Ireland stood at approximately eight million. By this time, some 40% of the population were dependent on the potato for food and even employment. When the blight hit Ireland In September 1 845 the consequence for the Irish poor would be devastating, but as he famine of 1782-84 demonstrated, manageable, provided the government responded in the correct way . By late 1846 famine conditions were spread throughout Ireland, but most notably the famine had took on a regional dimension, hitting places worst In the South and West. Already suffering from the effects of decline In trade, poverty was already well planted In places like Cosmonaut, In the West, and Muenster, In the South, years before the blight struck. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Irish Famine specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Irish Famine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Irish Famine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As consequence, employment moved eastward to Dublin which left many unemployed on the eve of famine. This slump in industry was also evilly felt in Britain following the collapse of the railway and corn trade in 1847-1848. This prompted anti-Irish sentiment when coupled with famine relief. The Times condemned any further British aid to Ireland, labeling It as an unfair burden on England and a misplaced humanity Annihilating Irish self-reliance . This Industrial depression coincided with the failure of the potato crop and was not exclusive to Ireland. It left many out of work and increased their vulnerability to such an unforeseen event, leading to mass destitution . Ireland, under British control from 1 800, was often treated poorly and even referred o as the Prodigal son of the united Kingdom. With many now out of work and beginning to starve, government intervention was desperately needed. Lord John Russell who later became Prime Minister in 1846 Insisted that the responsibility of relief lay on the shoulders of Irish landlords who ought to provide employment for the poor . However, following the severe crop failures between 1845 and 1848, combined with the slump in trade, landlords were more concerned with trying to off load surplus workers teen could Darrel Nora to pay.. Sir John Peel stated to parliament his wish to take advantage of this calamity for introducing among the people of Ireland the taste for a better and more certain provision for their support ND thereby diminishing the chances to which they will be constantly liable, of recurrences of this great and mysterious visitation. He believed that Ireland was full of resources that only required entrepreneurship and a reinvigorated industry to be released and that the potato enabled the Irish population to maintain an alleged lazy and indolent lifestyle leaving no incentive for the Irish farmers to modernis m their agriculture or the economy . Peel was convinced that Irelands problems lay in root of their social backwardness. He saw maize, which would be cheaply imported from America, as a permanent substitute for the potato in the Irish diet, and insisted that the rural poor had to become landless laborers, working for wages on the land of substantial farmers. He was confident that if social reorganization was accompanied by the challenge of free trade, private corn merchants would develop the maize trade after it was freed thus propelling Ireland out of poverty . Following his vision, many local peasants on the brink of destitution were cleared from the lands which offered them shelter and were forced into icebreakers work which was supposed to offer relief, a lack of intervention in the trade industry would allow the continuation of food exports whilst raising the prices of what did enter the country and many would be left to starve as the soup kitchens that proved to be successful in attacking the famine, were shut down due to their lack of social re-organization. Relief in Ireland was more focused on how to reorder society than how to fight famine. The British Government conceded that the Irish poor needed help, motivated by the view that the local landlords had failed in their duty. After little research by George Nicholls, a Commissioner of the English Poor, the new Irish Poor Law was set in place. Based on the old British Poor Law, The aim was not only for providing relief, but was equally, if not more so, set on bringing about much desired social changes in Ireland, whilst also keeping the role of the government to a minimum . The main provisions of the 1838 Act dictated that the country would be split in to one hundred and thirty new unions. Each union must set up a workhouse for its local population, which would be overseen by the Assistant Commissioners who were to implement the act in Ireland, following the extension of the existing Poor Law Commissioners powers to Ireland. They would then create a Board of Guardians in each Union, two-thirds would be elected and the other third was to be appointed. They would also help oversee the collection of a local poor-rate to finance the work house system as well as raise the funds for the assisted emigrations that also took place . By making relief a local charge, the government was able to realize the long- held aspiration that Irish property should support Irish poverty. Sir Charles I reversal commander In cancel AT Tamale reelect was also a strong advocate AT transferring the financial burden for relief on to the Poor Law. He felt that by placing the responsibility upon the local ratepayers, fewer instances of abuse and over- spending were likely to occur . After 1846 the government chose public work as a means of alleviating the distress. This policy was seen as disastrous. The workhouses were designed to house approximately 100,000 destitute people, which fell well short of the 2,400,000 the royal commission had declared in 1836 as to be in a state of poverty. The works were of little benefit to the community, and as mechanism for saving lives they failed massively . Aimed at discouraging pauperism by a harsh regime of work, diet and aggregation by age and sex , the workhouse system suited Sir John Peels vision for social change and long-term improvement in Ireland . A large criticism was aimed at the cost compared to the effect the workhouses had on fighting the conditions of famine. By March 1847 the total cost of the works had reached almost and was generally considered to have been largely squandered, providing neither long term benefit to Ireland, nor short term relief to the poor . During the winter of 1846-47 relief in the work houses was dependent on undertaking hard, physical labor and wages were paid according to labor employed. This put those who were already weak or debilitated by malnutrition, at a disadvantage. In response to the high admittances, wages were grossly inadequate at less than eight pence per day and made what food that was available on the private market unobtainable due to the rising prices thanks to the governments lack of intervention in free trade. The poor and overcrowded conditions of the workhouses also contributed to the spread of fever which added to the death toll brought about by famine conditions. James Hack Take, on a humanitarian mission to Dongle in the inter of 1846, recalls the state of the workhouses he visited. The day before they had but one meal of oatmeal and water, and at the time of our visit had not sufficient food in the house for the days supply. Their bedding consisted of dirty straw, in which they were laid in rows on the floor; even as many as six persons being crowded under one rug; and we did not see a blanket at all. The rooms were hardly bearable for filth. The living and the dying were stretched side by side beneath the same miserable covering. No wonder that disease and pestilence were filling the infirmary and that the pale, haggard countenance of the or boys and girls told of sufferings, which it was impossible to contemplate without pity . I en puddle works were ten single most expensive Item AT Famine reelect prop the British and resulted in a further change of policy . In February 1847 The Temporary Relief Act was introduced and Soup Kitchens were opened throughout Ireland to distribute free food. The significance of their arrival is important for various reasons. Following the slump in industry of 1847 which left many English factory closed, Travelers insisted that the London Treasury did not possess the adequate finances to aid British unemployment, and certainly did not assess the administrative capability or finance to feed such a large number of starving people in Ireland. He also added in response to the public works, that no government had done more to support its poor than Britain had done during the famine years . However, Parliament voted that would be donated to the Temporary Relief act which at its peak saw over 3 million people receive food rations daily, making it individually the most availed of the relief measure. In addition to that, the administrative machinery which supported the system had been assembled in less than two months. This relief scheme contradicted Traversals claims, and proved that the British government did possess the financial and administrative ability to provide direct relief to starvation on a massive scale and in comparison to the public workhouses, at relatively little cost. The soup kitchens were not entirely popular, however, at a public meeting attended by local landowners in Rescission, they criticized the Temporary Relief Act for demoralizing the poor and leaving them free to idleness and acts of crime. As had been a common theme in the Governments handling of the famine crisis, regaining social order would take precedent. The soup kitchens were subsequently closed on the 30th of September. For those now denied the direct relief of starvation, the government ordered that all able-bodied men in receipt of poor relief were to be made to work on the roads as a test of destitution, and were packed back in to the workhouses where deaths reached up to 2,500 per week . Had Travelers been intent only on saving lives, the soup kitchens could have been brought in far sooner and sustained for longer than they were. Instead, he stuck to his political ideology of social reform and insisted that Irish relief was now the turn of the Irish ratepayers . The policy choice made by the government denied people successful relief that had showed to be maintaining improved health in Ireland. The governments denial not only failed to save lives, but allowed mass starvation that had been proven to be commutable to continue . It is also important to consider the role of Free Trade that continued throughout the famine era. John Mitchell a follower of the Young Ireland party who strongly opposed the British and Whig Government often criticized the free role private merchants were allowed to take in exporting Irish resources at a time when every little scrap was needed. He repeatedly made the point that a government ship sailing Into any Rills port Walt Animal corn was sure to meet anal a cozen galling out Walt Irish wheat and cattle . However, this was not entirely correct and in fact during the famine as much food was imported in to Ireland, than that which left it; The Inns Gram Trade 1843-48 on 1000 tons) Year Exports Imports 1843480 15 1844424 30 1845 513 28 1846 1847 284 146 197 889 1848 314 439 Although food did continue to leave Ireland, it also continued to arrive Just as frequently in the years it was required most . But Mitchell sentiments were still the name, why was food allowed to leave Ireland at all? The answer argued by John Percival is that; The export of food to England and Scotland was crucial to the Irish economy Loris farmers depended on the English market for many years and Irish traders had made a good living out of it. Had they not done so, Ireland would have been even poorer than it was, and poverty was also the root of the famine problem The decision by the government not to interfere in Irish trade was motivated by an ideological commitment to free trade. In 1846 the corn harvest was below average, not Just in Ireland but throughout Europe. This meant that there were less surplus foods available for sale. As a consequence, the demand for existing supplies was heavy. The removal of protective legislation set by the British Tories in 1845 allowed other European countries to purchases supplies within Britain and between the years of 1846-49 grain exports to Europe increased. Some of this grain originated in Ireland. At the same time, many European ports were closed to exports in an effort to protect their own supplies. The policy was an attempt to appease Irish merchants, who felt their position had been undermined by the Tory government intervention in he market place in 1845 and to help reinvigorate the Irish economy which could help alleviate the strain felt on the London Treasury help claw Ireland out of poverty. The lack of restrictive legislation and a strong attitude committed to political ideology compounded the problem of food shortages and helped further increase famine conditions . But want tout ten T Tanat was Imported In to Ireland? For tense won required It most, it was often out of reach due to the high prices placed on food following a cumbersome body of legislation, including the Navigation Acts . The effect of this act as to hamper the free movement of goods, and it acted as a ceiling on the amount of food that could be imported into Ireland at any one time. This increased the cost of freight charges on the import ships which in turn increased the cost of the goods being delivered. After the harvest of 1846, they rose to three time their usual rate. In the winter of 1846-47, food prices rose dramatically. They only started to fall in the spring of 1847. By this time, it was too late for many Irish people, whose only source of income had been the low-paid public works where wages were too low to sustain life. In the winter of 1846, both combined, the poor handling of Irish Trade and the lack of finance provided for wages on the public works, left an estimated 400,000 dead, either directly or indirectly, through want of food . It is clear then, that the British Government were more inspired by political and economic ideology than simply trying to fight the conditions of famine. The Irish Poor Law that introduced the public relief, most notable the workhouses, were always destined to fall short due to their lack of capacity to hold those were already confirmed as destitute . Inside the workhouses conditions were appalling. The backbreaking work coupled with shortages of food left the inmates malnourished and left them vulnerable to the spreading diseases which were rife, and thus resulted in high fatalities. For those who did manage to survive and endure stints in the workhouses there was little reward. With so many occupants the wage return for such grueling work was far from rewarding and not enough to live on due to the rising food prices brought about by the governments insistence not to interfere with free trade. Singly the most expensive form of relief, the workhouses had failed to alleviate the distress. In a turn of policy by the Government, Soup kitchens were set up to directly combat starvation. It had proved successful in maintaining life and at relatively little cost -particularly in comparison to the public works- to government. The soup kitchens also exposed the Governments attitude toward Ireland. Travelers insisted that the needs of British industry should come first and that the finance or organization to implement further relief was something the British didnt have. Shortly after this the Temporary Relief act received a injection from parliament to fund the Soup Kitchens. This was less than half the figure that had been spent on the workhouses and took Just two months for the kitchens to be operational. This proved that the government did have the means to offer more to the people of Ireland. Closing the kitchens that had been highly successful in saving lives and combating starvation was a death sentence to many. The government consciously chose to deny people relief that was successful in keeping people alive, thus the closures marked that Travelers was wrong in his insistence that little more could be done. Instead the kitchens Just didnt suit Traversals vision of moral and social order. If the sole intention was to save people from starvation then the kitchens should have been opened sooner and for longer. Trade was also handled poorly in response to famine conditions, but as a part of government policy to Invigorate ten economy was allowed to continue ten export AT much name T supplies. Motivated by the vision that trade could help propel Ireland out of poverty, it continued at a high price. By the time food arrived in Ireland the regulations set in place by the government raised the prices of cargo. For what food that did arrive in Ireland was far too expensive for those in receipt of wages on the public works.

Action Plan free essay sample

Ymere is one of the largest housing corporations in the Netherlands, active in the Northern Randstad. The organization manages about 82,500 houses, shops and commercial business accommodations, and develops new houses and social property on a large scale. This project, which they are working on, is created to improve the red light district and eventually eliminate any illegal prostitution and drug barons from the area. The idea is to achieve a structural change in this area, the image must change into a high quality and attractive entrance area that reflects the ambitions that Amsterdam has. The municipality of Amsterdam is working on putting the red light district in a different light and therefore is engaging and encouraging other companies that are situated in the area, to do so as well. The commissioning client is the Ymere housing corporation and they are responsible for managing a big building located on the Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal in the Amsterdam city centre. We will write a custom essay sample on Action Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The project group is assigned to create a new concept for an ultimate club experience and because this area is an entertainment centre, Ymere wants to use this building to accommodate a very trendy club where visitors can gain a new and special experience. The concept for this club has to differ from the other clubs located in the area, so no more sex theatres such as â€Å"Casa Rosso† or â€Å"Yab Yum†, but more clubs which offers the visitors a high quality experience such as â€Å"The Supperclub† offers to their guests or â€Å"The (old) Roxy† used to. Knowing more about the assignment and the background of the project means that the project group can focus on the process that follows. We will be brainstorming for a new concept, participating in desk research and participating in field research by visiting two clubs in the Netherlands and two clubs virtually abroad. When the research is done the project group will document everything in a written advisory report for the commissioning client. In this report we will advise the commissioning client on an innovative concept for The Ultimate Club Experience. The advisory report will consist of several parts: 1. The professional supply and demand analysis 2. The observation assignment 3. Development of the concept (the brainstorming stage) 4. Development of the concept 5. English summary The advisory report will be presented and explained to the commissioning client, the consultant and tutor by the members of the project group, in a presentation. Project Objective On Friday 23 December the project group will have produced an Advisory Report consisting of a professional supply and demand analysis, the observation assignment, development of the concept including the brainstorming stage and a summary. These products are based on the creation of The Ultimate Club experience that will be located on the Niewezijds Voorburgwal. In week 2 of the year 2012 we will present our concept clearly and concisely to the commissioning client and give an advice on the realization of the club experience based on our research outcomes and arguments. Project Delineation The project group will prepare an extensive analysis on the supply and demand side of club experiences in Amsterdam and come up with ideas that fill the gap in the supply. The project group will do desk research and also field research regarding the same matter by making research observations on the consumers (gender statistics, the degree of satisfaction, etc. ) and set up interviews with club managers in order to get a better insight into the supply. The project group will not make contact with the consumers, for example through surveys or questionnaires.

The Coronation of Charlemagne essays

The Coronation of Charlemagne essays Through out history rulers and those in power have often sought greater control and attempted to secure more authority. During the Middle Ages power was usually obtained by either being victorious in battle, inheritance, or by entering in some sort of contract. One of the most powerful of all rulers during the Middle Ages was Charlemagne other wise know as Charles the Great. With the start of Charlemagnes rule he was constantly engaged in military campaigns creating a vast empire and rapidly becoming one of the most powerful men of his time. However it is not his military rise to power that historians question rather it is acceptance of secular coronation and taking on the role of Roman Emperor. The fundamental question of Did Charlemagne desire to be crowned by Pope Leo III? or Was he merely caught by surprise as he would like history to believe? arises. If one were to believe what Einhard reported Charlemagne as saying That he would not have come into the church had he known the Pope's plan then the answer to the earlier question would be No. After further research of the question one can see that Charlemagne had much to gain from this new title and the benefits vastly outweighed any ill sentiments in his Carolingian kingdom. He was too powerful of a leader not to have known Pope Leo III plans a head of time an too intelligent not to have seen the benefits of this act. His acceptance of the crown and title Roman Emperor was significant in strengthening his leadership on two major points. First the coronation solidified Charlemagne as the most powerful leader of Western Europe and second it united the Roman Catholic Church with Charlemagnes Carolingian empire. Charlemagne had accomplished more that any other one person in Western Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire. Charlemagne came from a long line of powerful leaders; ...

Models for Web Based Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Models for Web Based Learning - Essay Example Thirdly, web based learning also helps in small group collaboration. There is also a possibility of using web-based learning as blended learning processes. We can broadly look at web based learning to mean delivery and support to an educational and learning course over the web. Essentially comprising of course materials, quizzes, tests and direct discussions are all made over the web. The course materials created on many occasions are made for contact based learning. When this gets used in web based learning the impact that is realised out of it is limited. Of course, on many situations web based learning would require basic information which can be supplemented by such books. Whereas the requirements of web based learning is different and requires a different style of approach. If they are not employed then the effectiveness of using technology for course delivery is lost. Since most of the technology components are typically asynchronous in nature, delivery has to necessarily go through asynchronous course management. The best way to deliver web based learning might find itself in a multitude of options. It is not possible to arrive at a specific conclusion that would help us in deciding on the right kind of learning processes. ... As AW Bates (1995) says, new technologies such as computers and video conferencing are not necessarily better; it is just that they are different. But then the content of the program and the learning exercise itself is the same old thing and has to be done much in the same way. Web based learning starts from a pure distance learning exercise to a face to face learning system where distance education is used to support the normal program. This is looked at as a continuum and the delivered training depending upon the methods adopted might have varying degrees of personal contact in them (Judie McKimm, 2003). The Learning and Teaching Support Network (LTSN) is formed in UK to make use of the available technology and to provide quality programs to students across the country specifically in dentistry, medicine and veterinary science. Most of the pure distance learning systems would work towards understanding the individual's requirements; it would ideally provide for the needs of the individuals and tries to personalise them to the extent possible. Figure 1: Teaching Process To some extent web based programs could help in drawing out conventional programs and incorporate web based program features in it to enhance the value of the programs. While conventional distance education programs lack the ease of connectivity and communication between the student and the teacher, web based learning could provide the person the same. The other important aspect of web based learning is the asynchronous nature of the communication. This is both a disadvantage and an advantage. Advantage because the timings of the student and the teacher need not go together. Disadvantage is also the same, since this will mean the

A governing body should not be able to dictate an artist's work Essay

A governing body should not be able to dictate an artist's work - Essay Example The nature of art, particularly in the 20th century, functions to push the boundaries on acceptability and develop new perspectives on the world. In these regards, the notion that a governing body would seek to regulate an artist’s work is antithetical to the very nature of artistic production. Still, it’s clear that in some situations artists act not with integrity, but simply in a way designed to garner attention and sensationalism. Furthermore, governing bodies are oftentimes responsible for choosing works of art that are meant to function to beautify city structures or serve a specific atmospheric purpose. In these situations, the artist enters a contract with the governing body. I believe then that the artist is responsible for producing works that functions within the designated context. Still, from an overarching perspective, it’s clear that governing bodies should have limited to no involvement in the regulation of art. Allowing these institutions to regu late art stifles not merely the creativity of the artist, but the collective creative spirit of the society; all of these are elements that are essential to the progress of society, its continued innovation, and economic

Ethics in IT Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics in IT Assignment - Essay Example Software for business or for entertainment is designed with the sole purpose of making money which makes it mandatory for an engineer to design quality software to make it worth the price. It will be senseless to distinguish software as the same people that use them for entertainment use it for health and rescue purposes. A team of engineers working on a project will have effective methods of execution. Every member of the team having a role to play, it will be easier to share responsibilities. The chances of making mistakes when in a team are expected to be minimal as the work has been broken down in order for an individual to give more concentration to his or her part. Mistakes that may arise from a project handled by a team of engineers will have a greater moral responsibility as it is expected they have consulted widely within the team to avoid any mistakes from arising (Whitbeck, 2008). An individual engineer on the team will not have a greater moral responsibility as compared to the team since the team as a whole is expected to have helped in guiding him from making any

Internal Audit Effectiveness Study on the Public Sector

Internal Audit Effectiveness Study on the Public Sector Agus Setiawaty Determinant of Internal Audit Effectiveness in Public Sector Organizations:  Which factors matter? Abstract Internal audit (IA) play a pivotal role in reinforcing good governance in both public and private organizations through a value-adding role. Yet very few research conducted on the IA effectiveness especially in public sector. The current study aims to examine empirically determinant of effectiveness of IA within organization. Effectiveness scale developed through structured interview with top manager before delivered to real participant. Data in this study collected through questionnaire given to top manager and internal auditor to explore participant perception on IA effectiveness and its determinants. Conventional multiple regression and path analysis is used to examine the association between internal audit effectiveness and four principal factors, namely; professional proficiency, quality of audit work, independence of audit internal department and top management support. Keywords: internal audit effectiveness, effectiveness scale, good governance, balanced scorecard INTRODUCTION Internal Audit (IA) facing higher demands in the line of duty. The role of internal audit now is not only overseeing the operational of organization activities, but has been extended to support the organization through evaluating and improving risk management, control and governance process (IIA, 2004). In this concept, the existence of internal audit is needed by management in order to help them to provide assurance that any risks in organization were identified and prevented effectively, and organizational activities has been controlled in effective and efficient ways. Moreover, Ridley (2008) declared that the construction of modern IA derived from the three Es concept namely effectiveness, efficiency and economy, which defined by as doing the right thing for effectiveness, efficiency describe as doing them well to describe efficiency and doing them cheaply for economy. Of all three factors, effectiveness is viewed as the most important factor because ineffective IA will ultimately cause to futile regardless how efficiently or economically the service is being provided. IA effectiveness is defined as a risk-based audit that support the organization to achieve its objectives through significantly influencing the corporate governance quality (Lenz, 2013). Effective IA is expected to encourage the formation of good governance within organization. The changing of IA role from compliance and safeguarding assets to value-added audit also impact that role in public sector organizations. However, some research findings (Mihret and Woldeyohannis, 2008; Cohen and Sayag, 2010) show that this role has not been effectively implemented in public sector organizations. In Indonesia context, audit findings issued by supreme audit board reveal that there is still problem relate to internal control in government institution although financial statement has been given unqualified opinion. These condition lead to the question about the effectiveness of internal audit function and further the related factors contribute to the IA effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate determinant of effectiveness of IA in public sector, an important concept rarely examined in the scientific literature. Most of previous study focused examining IA effectiveness empirically in the private institution (Cohen and Sayag, 2010; Arena and Azzone, 2009; Karagiorgos, Drogalan and Giovanis, 2011) while research on IA conducted in the context of the public sector has been done with a qualitative approach (Mihret and Yismaw, 2007; Mihret and Woldeyohannis, 2008), none has to conduct it empirically. To the best of our knowledge, there has never been a previous research which examines the determinants of the internal audit effectiveness in Indonesia context especially in public sector. Therefore, according to study of Cohen and Sayag (2010), this research will examine relevant factors to IA effectiveness with development in IA measurement using balanced scorecard framework proposed by Frigo (2002). This measurement claim to be more comprehensive in describing the effectiveness of IA in a organization than used in previous research. This study contributes to the literature by developing a conceptual understanding of IA effectiveness in public sector organizations using comprehensive framework of balanced scorecard which address fundamental issues influencing IA effectiveness in public sector context. This research also contributes to the literature by exploring the determinants of IA effectiveness. It is important to understand which factors determine IA effectiveness because of virtuous influence of effective to organizational performance (Mihret, James and Mula, 2010). This is a proposal paper, consequently, in the next section of this paper, the discussion address to relevant literature on IA Effectiveness and development of research expectation, followed by discussion of research methodology. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH EXPECTATION The importance of internal audit function has been realized as an essential contributor to effective corporate governance and quality external financial reporting (Prawitt, Smith and Wood, 2009). The Institute of Internal Auditor (IIA) model offers IA as a key element of establishing high quality corporate governance, as well as management who principally responsible for regular monitoring of managements actions . As mentioned previously, The IIA has extended main function of IA to value adding focus by ensuring compliance to policies, rules, and regulations, which are largely of a financial nature, and by working in partnership with management to help improve operations and manage risk. Although the value-adding notion of IA is assumed shape the IA more effective, this is never guaranteed. In fact the literature suggests that IA effectiveness more influenced by the situational dynamics factor in audit environment (Mihret et al, 2010). Internal Audit Effectiveness As mentioned above, IA function has received greater attention according to its vital contribution to good governance, surely also occur in public sector context. Therefore, effective is needed for answering that challenge. There are two main approaches to the concept of IA effectiveness. The first approach associates effective IA with compliance to some set of auditing standard, such an approach proposed by Sawyer (1988) who assert five standard internal auditing, namely: interdependence, professional proficiency, the scope of work, the performance of the audit and management of the internal audit department. The second approach linking IA effectiveness with subject evaluations from management who act as supply side. In later approach, development of systematic and general valid measurement is needed to gauge IA effectiveness (Schneider, 1984; Dittenhofer, 2001). The early effort was conducted by Hoag (1981) through designing questionnaire to gain feedback about internal auditing pe rformance from management. The measurement of effective IA consist of planning and preparation, the quality of audit report, the timing of the audit, and qualify communication between the relevant parties. Study accomplished by Albrecht, Howe, Schueler and Stocks (1988) which sponsored by The IIA identified 15 factors contribute to the evaluation of IA effectiveness, such as the congruence between auditing work and the goal sets of managers, competence of internal auditor, support from top management to IA function, and several characteristics of IA department. More recently, Ziegenfuss (2000) developed a questionnaire which comprises 84 effectiveness criteria classified into four groups: the IA environment, input, process and output. Results of the study identified five top performance measures, that is: staff experience, supervision form audit committee, management expectation on IA function, audit recommendation followed up by management, and auditor education level. The development of effective IA measurement continue to evolve and sensitive to current issue so that Frigo (2002) introduced balanced scorecard (BSC) framework. For constructing the model, Frigo (2002) confirm his prem ises with BSC concept which built from IA customer perspective, internal audit process, innovations and capabilities. Model developed by Frigo (2002) will be presented next. This study modifies model proposed by Frigo (2002) to precisely adapt with public sector context. Modification is made to audit committee factor because its existence prevail in private institution. As noted before, research on the effectiveness IA is restricted to private sector companies while study in public sector have accomplished qualitatively. The current study takes this line of research a step further by designing and testing such a scale to gain understanding of IA effectiveness in public sector. Determinant of IA Effectiveness Determinant in this study adopted from the model proposed by Lenz and Hahn (2015) which divides effective IA determinant into micro and macro factors. However, this research largely focus the discussion in micro factor. Micro factor categorized into four factors: IA resources, IA process, IA relationship and organization. IA resources measured by staff professional proficiency (Prawitt, 2003; Cohen and Sayag, 2010; Mihret et al, 2010; Pforsich, Kramer, and Just, 2006,2010; Soh and Martinov-Bennie, 2011), IA process explained by quality work of IA department (Cohen and Sayag, 2010), while IA relationship and organization illumined by top management support (Halimah, Othman and Kamaruzaman, 2009; Christopher, Sarens and Leung, 2009; Mihret and Yismaw, 2007, Cohen and Sayag, 2010) and organizational independence (Mihret et al, 2010; Cohen and Sayag, 2010), respectively. Professional proficiency of internal auditor The IIAs Standards for Professional Practice of Internal Auditing require that internal auditors possess the knowledge, skills and expertise needed to accomplish audit work (Institute of Internal Auditors, 2008). Technical competence and continuous training are considered essential for effective IA. Consistent with this thinking, Gramling and Meyers (1997) found that certified internal auditors is perceived as an expert auditor which reflect auditors competence. Professional such as auditor requires a set of expertise in conducting their complicated duty that collectively granted from education, training, experience and professional qualifications (Al-Twaijry, Brierley and Gwillian, 2003). The few studies that concern to this issue indicated that the greater the professional competencies of the IA staff, reflected by their professional training and educational level, the more effective IA department (Albrecht et al. 1988). Nanni (1984) at the same ways, found that auditor experience positively impact the evaluations process of internal accounting control. Therefore, it es expected that Greater professional proficiency of staff within the internal audit department will be related to greater auditing effectiveness (H1). Quality of audit work Compliance with standards, policies and procedures is main concern of internal auditor. One of IA objectives is ensure that companys activities accordance with predetermined rules. Glazer and Jaenike (1980) in Cohen and Sayag (2010) asserted that audit work which sufficiently perform according to internal auditing standards contributes significantly to the effectiveness of auditing. The similar point also claimed by Ridley and DSilva (1997) that complying with professional standards is the most important contributor to IAs added value. It can thus be argued that greater quality of IA work -defined by compliance with formal standards, as well as a high level of efficiency in the audits planning and execution will improve the audits effectiveness (H2) Independence of IA department Independence has long been seen as a crucial factor in conducting audit role. Although initially only intended for the independence of the external auditor, but lately also addressed to the demands of the independence of internal audit, something that might be a serious problem because of auditor position and responsibility lay on under management. The independence of the internal audit department has been identified as a key element of audit effectiveness. Van Peursem (2005), based on interviews with Australian internal auditors, concluded that independence from management is a dominant feature of successful auditing programs. Those auditors able to set their own. It can thus be argued that organisational independence will increase the internal auditors effectiveness (H3). Top Management Support The interaction and relationship between top management and internal auditors is both important and complicated. Management support to IA is considered as a determinant of IA effectiveness (Mihret and Yismaw, 2007). This support could, for instance, be by allocating sufficient human and material resources to IA. It could also be by showing the level of cooperation offered by management. Greater level of auditee cooperation will influences the extent to which IA properly accomplishes its objectives (Al-Twaijry et al., 2003; Mihret and Yismaw, 2007). the relationship between the internal audit staff and the companys management is clearly important in determining the independence and objectivity of the internal auditor (Al-Twaijry et al. 2003;IIA 2006).Management support for IA is thus important both in the abstract (managers must see the activity of the audit department as legitimate) and in ensuring that IA departments have the resources needed to undertake their duty. Therefore, it i s argued that higher support from top management, the more effective the IA (H4). RESEARCH DESIGN The participants The target population for this study is managers and internal auditor from all Indonesian public sector organizations that conduct internal audit. Data in this study will be acquired through questionnaire which will be initially tested for validity and reliability before delivered to each participant. Each organization will accept two questionnaires, one for manager (deal with IA effectiveness) and the other for auditor (answering for independent variables). Variabel measurement Effectiveness of internal auditing Given the lack of IA effectiveness research in public sector organizations, this study will developed own effectiveness scale based on BSC framework proposed by Frigo (2002), supporting with measurement scale fostered by Ziegenfuss (2000). In this study, new effectiveness scale will be designed and adjusted with Indonesian auditing environment. Structured interview will be undertaken with several public sector top managers to gain advice and consideration about developed questionnaire before it comes to statistic analysis for the validity and reliability assessment. Independent variables Professional proficiency, measured by four indicators, consist of educational qualifications, professional certification, work experience and continuous development, Quality work, measured by six indicator, comprises of annual audit plan, access to all organization, significance of audit, auditee response, follow up action, additional activities performed. Independence, measured by nine items, these being: independence level, reporting level, direct contact to senior management, conflict of interest, interference, unrestricted access to all departments and employees, appointment and removal of the head of internal audit, and performing non-audit activity. Top management support, measured by four factors, those are: involvement in the internal audit plan, providing management with reports about the work the internal audit team performs, the managements response to internal audit reports, the resources of the internal audit department. Data Analysis Two methods of data analysis will used in this study. First, straightforward OLS multiple regression (Ghozali, 2013) was performed to estimate the magnitude of the effect of the independent variables, the four factors identified above, on the effectiveness of internal audit (the dependent variable). Second, beyond the straightforward use of conventional OLS multiple regression, path analysis (Ghozali, 2013) was conducted to investigate further the associations and linkages among the variables of interest. References Al-Twaijry, A.A.M., Brierley, J.A., Gwilliam, D.R. (2003). The development of internal audit in Saudi Arabia: an institutional theory perspective. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 14 (5), 507-31. Arena M., Azzone G (2009). Internal audit effectiveness: Relevant drivers of auditees satisfaction. Sixth European Academic Conference on Internal Auditing and Corporate Governance. London. Retrieved from http://www.cass.city.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/37335/Marika-Arena.pdf. Christopher, J., Sarens, G. Leung, P. (2009). A critical analysis of the independence of the internal audit function: Evidence from Australia. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 22 (2), 200-220. Cohen, A., Sayag, G. (2010). The effectiveness of internal auditing: An empirical examination of its determinants in Israeli organizations. Australian Accounting Review, 20 (3), 296-307. Dittenhofer, M. (2001). Internal auditing effectiveness: An expansion of present methods. Managerial Auditing Journal, 16, 443-50. Frigo, M.L. (2002). A balance scorecard framework for internal auditing departments (Paperback). The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation. Altamonte Springs. Florida. Ghozali, Imam. (2013). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program SPSS. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang. Gramling, A.A., Myers, P.M. (1997). Practitioners and users perceptions of the benefits of certification of internal auditors. Accounting Horizons, 11 (1), 39-53. Halimah, N.A., Othman, R., Kamaruzaman, J. (2009). The effectiveness of internal  audit in Malaysian public sector. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 5 (9), 53-62. Hoag, D.A., (1981). Measuring audit effectiveness. Internal Auditor, April: 70-8. Institute of Internal Auditors. (2004). Definition of internal auditing. Retrieved from https://na.theiia.org/standards-guidance/mandatory-guidance/Pages/Definition-of-Internal-Auditing.aspx. Institute of Internal Auditors Belgium (2006). Internal audit in Belgium: the shaping of internal audit today and the future expectations survey results. Retrieved from: www.iiabel.be/. Institute of Internal Auditors. (2008). International standards for the professional practice of internal auditing. Retrieved from: www.theiia.org/guidance/standards-and-practices/professional-practices-framework/standards/standards-for-the-professional-practice-ofinternal-auditing/. Karagiorgos, T., Drogalas, G., Giovanis, N. (2011). Evaluation of the effectiveness of internal audit in Greek hotel business. International Journal of Economic Science and Applied Research, 4 (1), 19-34. Lenz, R., Hahn, U. (2015). A synthesis of empirical internal audit effectiveness literature pointing to new research opportunities. Managerial Auditing Journal, 30, 5-33. Lenz, R. (2013). Insights into the effectiveness of internal audit: a multi-method and  multi-perspective study. Dissertation at the Università © catholique de Louvain Louvain School of Management Research Institute. Retrieved from https://drrainerlenz.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/2013-02-rainer-lenz-public-defense.pdf Mihret D. G., Yismaw A. W. (2007). Internal audit effectiveness: An Ethiopian public sector case study. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22 (5), 470-484. Mihret D. G., Woldeyohannis G.Z. (2008). Value-added role of internal audit: An Ethiopian case study. Managerial Auditing Journal, 23 (6), 567-595. Mihret, D. G., James, K., Mula, J. M. (2010). Antecedent and organizational performance implications of internal audit effectiveness. Pacific Accounting Review, 22 (3), 224-252. Nanni, A.J. (1984). An exploration of the mediating effects of auditor experience and position in internal accounting control evaluation. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 9, 149-63. Prawitt, D.F. (2003). Managing the internal audit function. IIA Research Foundation, Altamonte Springs, FL. Retrieved from: https://na.theiia.org/iiarf/Public%20Documents/Chapter%206%20Managing%20the%20Internal%20Audit%20Function.pdf Pforsich, H.D., Peterson Kramer, B.K., Just, G.R. (2006). Establishing an effective internal audit department. Strategic Finance, 87 (10), 22-29. Pforsich, H.D., Peterson Kramer, B.K., Just, G.R. (2008), Establishing an internal audit  department: The case of the Schwan food company. Global Perspective on Accounting  Education. 5, 1-16. Prawitt, D., F., Smith, J., L., Wood, D., A. (2009). Internal audit quality and earnings management. The Accounting Review, 84 (4), 1255-1280. Ridley, J., DSilva, K. (1997). A question of Values. Internal Auditor, June: 16-19. Ridley, J. (2008), Cutting edge internal auditing, John Wiley Sons, Ltd, Chichester, England. Retrieved from: http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/548154120.pdf. Sawyer, L.B., (1988). Sawyers internal auditing. Institute of Internal Auditors. Altamonte Springs, FL. Schneider, A. (1984). Modeling external auditors evaluations of internal auditing. Journal of Accounting Research, 22, 657-78. Soh, D.S.B., Martinov-Bennie, N. (2011). The internal audit function, perceptions of internal audit roles, effectiveness and evaluation. Managerial Auditing Journal, 26 (7), 605-622. Van Peursem, K.A., (2005). Conversations with internal auditors, the power of ambiguity.  Managerial Auditing Journal, 20 (5), 489-512.. Ziegenfuss, D.E. (2000). Measuring Performance. Internal Auditor, February: 36-40. Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4153/is_1_57/ai_62599893/?tag=content;col1.

Ancient Greek Theater Architecture Essay -- Architecture History

Ancient Greek Theater Architecture Many aspects of ancient Greek theaters have long been studied and debated. Much of the information about these theaters is based on speculation due to the fact that so little of them still exist today. This lack of remnants especially applies to the architecture of the early Greek Theaters. However, through archeological finds and years of studying the people, the plays, and the architecture of the time, we are able to make many conclusions about these early structures. Greek Theaters are classified into three categories: The early Athenian Theaters, Hellenistic Theaters, and Graeco-Roman Theaters. Like most new inventions or creations, the initial theaters built by the Athenians were very simple. In the fifth century B.C., it became popular to build theaters on the slope of a large hill, or an acropolis, the most famous, being in Athens. These early theaters could be divided into three parts. The theater consisted of the theatron (or auditorium), the orchestra, and the skene (or scene building) (Betancourt). The Greeks would eventually perfect a technique that would fit as many spectators into the theatron as possible. At first the spectators sat on the ground until wooden bleachers were installed. After it was discovered that the wooden bleachers were prone to collapsing, permanent stone seating was built. The architects created concentric tiers of seats that followed the circular shape of the orchestra and hugged the rising ground of a hillside, following the natural contours of the land. Usually, theatrons were symmetrical; however, there do remain examples of irregularly shaped theatrons. A horizontal passage called the diazoma separated the theatron into halves, thu... ...heater of the fifth century B.C. has been lost forever due to changes made by the Romans. This leaves scholars of today with scant evidence of ancient Greek Theater architecture. Works Cited Allen, James T. The Greek Theater of the Fifth Century Before Christ. Berkeley, California: University of Californioa Press, 1924. Betancourt, Philip P. The Ancient Greek Theater. CD-ROM. New York: Pseudo News Films & CD-ROMS, 1996. Brockett, Oscar G. History of the Theatre. 8th ed. London: Secker & Warburg British Broadcasting Corporation, 1984. Harwood, Ronald. All the World’s A Stage. London: Secker & Warburg British Broadcasting Corporation, 1984. Nicoll, Allardyce. The Development of the Theater. 6th ed. London: George G. Harrap & Company Ltd, 1966 Corrigan, Robert W. Classical Tragedy Greek and Roman. New York: Applause, 1990.

Edgar Allen Poe’s Tribute

The poem â€Å"Annabel Lee† by Edgar Allen Poe is written to tell the story of the speaker's greatest love. The speaker and Annabel Lee loved each other with â€Å"a love that was more than love† until she fell ill and died (9). The speaker blames the angels for killing his darling and proves his love for her by attending her graveside every day for the rest of his life.One way the speaker demonstrates his love is by describing their home (the setting of the poem) as a â€Å"kingdom by the sea† (2). This means the speaker sees himself as royalty because the love he and Annabel Lee share makes him so incredibly wealthy and powerful. This power and wealth was so great, in fact, that â€Å"heaven coveted† the love about which Edgar Allen Poe wrote (10). The angels were jealous of this love being shared on earth, which was apparently more wonderful than anything they had experienced in heaven as angels. The use of the word â€Å"coveted† implies a darker meaning. This was not the simple jealousy of a teenage girl. The angels were committing a sin, breaking one of the commandments of their Divine Master by coveting the love between two of His children. Finally, the speaker's grief at her death further implies the depth and strength of their love. It is logical that the greater the love, the greater the grief; the inverse is also true: the greater the grief, the greater the love. Instead of merely being laid to rest in a coffin or a grave, death â€Å"shut her up in a sepulcher† there â€Å"by the sea† (19, 40). Sepulcher brings such dark connotations that we can almost see the speakershrouded in black after her death, mourning as deeply as the seanext to her tomb.Edgar Allen Poe contributed to the extremity of the poem by using a tone of reverence and pride. This is not some silly poem about puppy love. The love shared by Annabel Lee and the speaker was serious, and seems to be one we can only refer to with a sense of sobriety and admiration. In line 28, the speaker refers to his pride by comparing himself to those older and wiser, saying that hehad experienced a love that â€Å"was stronger by far† than anything those older and wiser had experienced. The

Use the Right Number of Periods

Use the Right Number of Periods Use the Right Number of Periods Use the Right Number of Periods By Michael After the word itself, the sentence is the most basic unit of communication. So its the sentence that your readers will notice first. They may not see your mistakes in spelling, and may not notice your mistakes in grammar, but they are likely to notice when you end your sentences too early or too late. Other mistakes are mistakes in formality, and may not disturb your communication. But a sentence represents a thought, and if your readers cant tell what your thoughts are, communication will be hampered. The basic rule is to end your sentence when your thought ends. You may have lots of thoughts tumbling on top of the other, but try to separate them for easy digestion. Put a period at the end of the thought, or if youre asking a question, put a question mark. Weve already cautioned against the overuse of exclamation points, but they are not toxic in small quantities. If the words dont make a complete thought, dont put a period after them. A real drag. Whats a real drag? I didnt tell you. So I shouldnt have put a period after those words. It wasnt a complete thought, and I shouldnt treat it like a complete sentence. In my opinion, its more common for your reader to become confused with too few periods than with too many. Too few periods forces your reader to separate your thoughts because you didnt. The other extreme is equally painful, though. I had a boss who put a period about every two words. He talked like that. He tried to be. Very calm. Paused every few words. For emphasis. But by using periods inappropriately, my boss lost the benefit of being able to tell his readers which thought was which, or when one thought ended and another began. Like the boy who cried Wolf, he was the boss who cried Period. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Congratulations on or for?Whenever vs. When EverIf I Was vs. If I Were

How to State Thesis in a Research Paper on Criminal Behavior

How to State Thesis in a Research Paper on Criminal Behavior When you are writing a research paper on criminal behavior, your ability to state your thesis is an important facet. The thesis is the leading aspect of the paper, what paves the way for the reader and what explains in a single sentence what the purpose of your research paper on criminal behavior is all about. One of the best ways that you can prepare for this is to try and explain what it is you want to research in a single sentence. You want to tell your friends or your parents what your paper is going to focus on. If you cannot do it in just one sentence then perhaps you need to redefine your hypothesis. If you are a concrete issue then that should constitute the vast majority of your thesis but if you are covering only the effects of something that, in turn, should constitute the vast majority of your thesis and not the source. If you have to cover both you should still work very hard to make sure it only takes one sentence, even if that sentence is a bit long. Remember that word economical is very important here. Because you only have one sentence in which to present all of your information. The fewer words you use, the better off you will be. The final thing you should follow is to always remain flexible. If you are working and the thesis statement you have you find is not supported by the evidence you are researching you might have to change it. There is no shame in this, it happens to almost every student. One of the best things you can do for yourself is to have a flexible idea in mind, a flexible thesis and then at the end of your writing go back and make any necessary changes to the thesis that you might have. This type of flexibility will bode very well for your overall success rates. When you are writing a research paper on criminal behavior you need to understand that the purpose of this assignment is to show that you can conduct scientifically based research which includes reviewing the work that other writers have completed in the same field and doing some form of experiments and analysis on your own. You want to show that you can correctly analyze large amounts of data and from that draw new conclusions. You need to come up with an excellent topic for your research paper on criminal behavior. You want to avoid a topic that is already been done by many other writers. Of course theres bound to be some form of crossover in your research but it’s important to take a new angle. When writing a research paper on criminal behavior one key aspect is knowing that you must include a great deal of data. Data can come in many forms in this particular sense and it might include quotes from experts as well as empirical information or the legitimate numerical results of an empirical study. All of these things serve to support your arguments and make your final product much better for the reader. This concludes our useful guide. To back it up we’ve also prepared a set of useful facts on the subject as well as 20 topics for writing a research paper on criminal behavior.

Claims that management's pursuit of efficiency and effectiveness have Essay

Claims that management's pursuit of efficiency and effectiveness have been at the expense of labour's welfare are not valid - Essay Example Only then, they might become motivated towards the responsibilities of work, thereby enhancing the profit margin and revenue of the organization. Therefore, the success of the organization might prove effective for the management or the employer to meet the goals and aims in long run. As a result, the sustainability and competitiveness of the organization might remain in the market among other rivals. Hence, it may be depicted that the free flowing of an organization would only be possible with the combined effort of both employee and employer. Arguments Theories and Concepts that highlights that employee welfare is essential Labour welfare is one of the most vital facets of an organization without which an organization may not prosper in long run. According to Phipps (2011), labour welfare is described as the measures that should be adopted by the management of an organization for the achievement of the physical, social, psychological and general needs of the employees. It might hel p to improve the dedication level of the employees towards their working responsibilities and duties. Along with this, it might also help in improvement of the economic condition of the worker resulting in amplification of stability and consistency. Apart from this, it also helps in reduction of rate of absenteeism thereby improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the workers. Therefore, it might be clearly stated from the above mentioned points that labour welfare is essential for the organizational improvement and up-gradation (Phipps, 2011). This fact may be clearly highlighted with the help of the theories stated below: Philanthropic Theory Waddell, Jones & George (2011), Philanthropic theory is entirely a benevolent approach that means ‘to help others’. According to this theory, it is the duty of an individual to help others so that they might get all their basic needs such as food, water, shelter, clothes and others. It is done entirely from the internal urge of a human being to remove the sufferings of others. Similarly, it is the duty of the managers of an organization to help the employees with better working conditions, shelter, clothes, food and wages. This might offer a positive impact over the employees thereby enhancing their moral and loyalty towards the organization and work. Due to which, the performance of work and devotion might increase resulting in fulfilment of the goals and aims of the organization (Waddell, Jones & George, 2011). Paternalistic or Trusteeship theory This theory states that the management or the higher-authority of an organization is entirely responsible for the profits and assets of the enterprise. He or she is regarded as the trustee of the organization. So, it is the duty of the management or manager of the organization is to provide some amount of fund or profit for the development or well-being of the employees in a continuous process. Only then, the economic condition and position of the employees o f the organization might become better resulting in improvement of the motivation power and morale significantly. Along with this, it might also prove effective for the organization in attainment of its goals in future era (Phipps, 2011). So, employee welfare is surely a duty of managers. Placating Theory Caldari, 2011 offers high attention over this theory of Placating. According to the author, in recent age maximum extents of the

Business Structure Advice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Structure Advice - Essay Example Sole proprietorship is one of the business structures that Mr. John can opt for. If the owner aims at becoming a sole proprietor he just needs to start a business and does not need much paper work. In such a business there are no partners and all the decision making authority lies in the hands of the single owner of the business (Parrino, 2012). He makes important business decisions regarding what to produce, where to sell the goods and services and for whom to produce. Another benefit of this form of business is that the owner retains all the profits from the business (Nytimes.com, 2012). But at the same time the owner is entitled to unlimited liability which means that in case if the business goes bankrupt, he/she is responsible for paying all the debts and in order to pay the debts the owner may even lose all the money he has invested in the business along with property and assets owned by the owner. In case of running this form of business, the owner has to pay for all the taxes that are associated with the business and these taxes are filed as the personal income tax of the business owner (Sba.gov, 2014). A second form of business is partnership in which more than one individual join hands together to start a business and the profit and the decision making authority is divided amongst the business owners (Parrino, 2012). The benefit of this form of business is that the business can raise more funds that may be contributed by the partners. The disadvantage of this form of business is that all the owners experience unlimited liability. This means that in case of bankruptcy, they will lose all their money to repay the debts (Miller, 2008). Similar to sole proprietorship, the taxes paid in this form of businesses are paid by the owners of the business in relation of the percentage of their share of profit from the business (Sba.gov, 2014). A third form of business is company in which the business itself is recognized as an

The Ugly Duckling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Ugly Duckling - Essay Example The collection of plots was chosen because the picturesque version extremely makes children not only listen to the story but also try to read and understand the picture and make up the conversation. The background of images gives special meaning to the text and helps to integrate words and meaning into the image. Children can express the known text content of books through their observation. The history of the ugly duckling gives a mixed message. While parents can encourage children to become like an ugly duckling who continues to optimistically seek out his true identity and refuses to become like others. Like an ugly duckling, children are taught to sit and learn to get up and not be influenced by the opinions of others. More importantly, parents and teachers can use this story as an important tool for developing critical thinking among children and encourage them to use their imagination when they are in their places. This is an interesting way to teach them to have a broader pers pective. Children also learn that everything they love should be pursued, as they help children understand their potential. The book also tends to send a negative message about the development of an inferiority complex among children, and this ugliness is bad. This is not so, so parents must confront this problem by reporting that it was not ugly, but different. Therefore, people look at people and form impressions that may be wrong, as in the case of the ugly duckling who was called ugly simply because he was not like others.

Excel Igcse Computer Studies Glossary Essay Example for Free

Excel Igcse Computer Studies Glossary Essay Actuator – It is a device that can be operated by signals from a computer or control system causing physical movement. (E.g. devices for opening windows in a computer controlled ventilation system) Algorithm – It is a sequence of instructions designed to perform a particular task and it is independent of any programming language. It includes precise details about the operations to be performed and in what order. (E.g. pseudo-code or program flow chart) Batch processing – It is a processing that doesn’t start until all the data are collected without any needs of human interaction. It uses computer during overnight. (E.g. payroll system, billing, cheque processing) CAD (Computer Aided Design) – It is the use of computer system that allows engineers and architects to design new projects by producing drawings. (E.g. designing new cars) Command-line interface – It is a set of commands instructed by the user in order to communicate with the computer and get the requirements sorted out. Compiler – It is a program that converts high-level language into machine language and converts whole program before execution. Cookies – It is a text which the user receives when in access to the internet website and gets automatically downloaded onto the user’s computer and further develops to infect a computer. (E.g. it can be blocked when the user rejects it by setting its restriction on the web page) Data integrity – It refers to the accuracy of data. Data-logging – It is an automatic capturing and storing of data readings from sensors over a period of time. (E.g. weather forecasting) De-skilling – It is replacing a semi-skilled labour with a micro-processing control system. Dry run – It is working through a program or a section of a program manually. This is useful for locating errors, particularly run time errors. E-commerce – It is an electronic commerce that allows buying and selling goods and services through the internet/computer networks. Either B2B or B2C, they still serve their products. (E.g. on-line shopping, Internet/online banking) H.J.Hong Encryption – It is a way of preventing data files that contain sensitive  information from being used if they’re stolen. Expert system – It is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) to a particular area of activity where traditional human expert knowledge and experience are made available through a computer package. (E.g. medical diagnosis) Generic software – It is a type of software that can perform many different related tasks. Intranet – It is a communication system, providing similar services to the internet solely within a particular company or organization. It makes it possible to share documents, databases and applications, using the same protocol as the internet. (E.g. more secure data) Logic gates – They are the components used in making logic circuits. Each gate has 1 or more inputs and produces a single output that depends upon the input(s). Simulation – It is a study of the behaviour of a system by using a model. (E.g. flight simulator) Structure diagram – It is a means of representing the design of a program or system and it demonstrates what happens at a program level Top-down design – It is the technic of breaking down a problem into subtasks that are sufficiently simple enough to be written as a self-contained module or procedure. (E.g. allows several programmers to work on the same large task, each module can be tested/debugged separately) Validation – It is a check on the data input and detects any data that is unreasonable and unacceptable. Video-conferencing – It is a form of an electronic communication through Internet for people who are geographically separated to transmit audio and video data. (E.g. meetings held at different locations) Virtual reality – It is a computer simulation that uses special interactive devices such as data gloves to create an artificial environment. (E.g. viewing newly constructed houses/pilot training) Virus – It is a program which replicates itself and damages files or data. (E.g. it alters the data on the infected computer without the user knowing it)

In the Bedroom, A Modern Bourgeois Melodrama :: Movies Film Films Essays

In the Bedroom, A Modern Bourgeois Melodrama Works Cited Missing Studies in melodrama usually hover around the works of a few significant directors, all of whom were at the top of their craft in Hollywood during the 1950s. Douglas Sirk, Vincente Minnelli, and Nicholas Ray were just a few of the directors who worked at that time, and all helped to shape the conventions of melodrama to which audiences and critics alike have become so accustomed. However, recent melodramas have been unable to reach the popularity that the films of the 1950s achieved, and most current audiences would dismiss the na†¢ve and artificial world that those films presented as rather trite. But Thomas Schatz raises an interesting point in his article "The Family Melodrama." He claims that "those who look more closely at [the films of the 50s] may see through the facile naivetà © to an altogether bleaker reflection" (152). And, even though melodramas are not as widely seen as they were in the past, the ones that are still strive to portray the "[paradoxical] view of Amer ica, at once celebrating and severely questioning the basic values and attitudes of the mass audience" (Schatz 150). Todd Field's 2001 film, In the Bedroom, is a perfect example of such a film. It is a bourgeois melodrama that reflects the sensibilities of melodramas of the 1950s, but also one that refashions the aesthetics of the genre to accommodate the interests of modern audiences. The film tells the story of a middle-aged couple, Ruth and Matt Fowler (Sissy Spacek and Tom Wilkinson), as they try to cope with the murder of their adolescent son, Frank (Nick Stahl). When the film opens, Frank is romantically involved with Natalie Strout (Marisa Tomei), a divorced mother. The Fowlers do not approve of this relationship, but allow it because of the happiness it brings Frank. When Natalie's ex- husband, Richard Strout (William Mapother), kills Frank in a fit of jealousy, the Fowlers must find a way to continue on with their lives in the wake of this catastrophe. Field, who also co-wrote the screenplay, creates an intriguing modern-day melodrama that both reflects the narrative principles of the film s that preceded it and adapts the genre to meet the aesthetic expectations of contemporary audiences. Narrative choices in melodramas have become so commonplace that, like any genre, they have grown into a part of the genre's language. In the Bedroom, A Modern Bourgeois Melodrama :: Movies Film Films Essays In the Bedroom, A Modern Bourgeois Melodrama Works Cited Missing Studies in melodrama usually hover around the works of a few significant directors, all of whom were at the top of their craft in Hollywood during the 1950s. Douglas Sirk, Vincente Minnelli, and Nicholas Ray were just a few of the directors who worked at that time, and all helped to shape the conventions of melodrama to which audiences and critics alike have become so accustomed. However, recent melodramas have been unable to reach the popularity that the films of the 1950s achieved, and most current audiences would dismiss the na†¢ve and artificial world that those films presented as rather trite. But Thomas Schatz raises an interesting point in his article "The Family Melodrama." He claims that "those who look more closely at [the films of the 50s] may see through the facile naivetà © to an altogether bleaker reflection" (152). And, even though melodramas are not as widely seen as they were in the past, the ones that are still strive to portray the "[paradoxical] view of Amer ica, at once celebrating and severely questioning the basic values and attitudes of the mass audience" (Schatz 150). Todd Field's 2001 film, In the Bedroom, is a perfect example of such a film. It is a bourgeois melodrama that reflects the sensibilities of melodramas of the 1950s, but also one that refashions the aesthetics of the genre to accommodate the interests of modern audiences. The film tells the story of a middle-aged couple, Ruth and Matt Fowler (Sissy Spacek and Tom Wilkinson), as they try to cope with the murder of their adolescent son, Frank (Nick Stahl). When the film opens, Frank is romantically involved with Natalie Strout (Marisa Tomei), a divorced mother. The Fowlers do not approve of this relationship, but allow it because of the happiness it brings Frank. When Natalie's ex- husband, Richard Strout (William Mapother), kills Frank in a fit of jealousy, the Fowlers must find a way to continue on with their lives in the wake of this catastrophe. Field, who also co-wrote the screenplay, creates an intriguing modern-day melodrama that both reflects the narrative principles of the film s that preceded it and adapts the genre to meet the aesthetic expectations of contemporary audiences. Narrative choices in melodramas have become so commonplace that, like any genre, they have grown into a part of the genre's language.

History of football Essay

Football as well as rugby and soccer are believed to have descended from the ancient Greek game of harpaston. Harpaston is mentioned frequently in classical literature. where it is often referred to as a very rough and brutal game. The rules of this ancient sport were quite simple: Points were awarded when a player would cross a goal line by either kicking the ball, running with it across the goal line, or throwing it across the line to another player. The other team’s objective was simply to stop them by any means possible. There was no specific field length, no side line boundaries, no specified number of players per team, only a glaring lack of rules. Most modern versions of football are believed to have originated from England in the twelfth century. The game became so popular in England that the kings of that time (Henry II and Henry IV) actually banned football. They believed that football was taking away interest from the traditional sports of England, such as fencing and archery. Walter Camp Walter Camp was born April 17, 1859, in New Haven, Connecticut. He attended Yale from 1876 to 1882, where he studied medicine and business. Walter Camp was an author, athletic director, chairman of the board of the New Haven Clock Company, and director of the Peck Brothers Company. He was general athletic director and head advisory football coach at Yale University from 1888-1914, and chairman of the Yale football committee from 1888-1912. Camp played footba ll at Yale and helped evolve the rules of the game away from Rugby and Soccer rules into the rules of American Football as we know them today. One precursor to Walter Camp’s influence was William Ebb Ellis, a student at the Rugby School in England. In 1823, Ellis was the first person noted for picking up the ball during the soccer game and running with it, thereby breaking and changing the rules. In 1876, at the Massosoit convention, the the first attempts at writing down the rules of American football were made. Walter Camp edited every American Football rulebook until his death in 1925. Walter Camp contributed the following changes from Rugby and Soccer to American football one side retained undisputed possession of the ball, until that side gives up the ball as a result of its own violations the line of scrimmage 11 on a team instead of 15 created the quarter-back and center positions forward pass standardized the scoring system, numerical scoring created the safety, interference penalties, and the neutral zone tackling as low as the knee was permitted – 1888 a touchdown increased in value to six points and field goals went down to three points – 1912. The NFL or the National Football League, was formed in 1920 soccor/football Soccer is one of the most popular sports in Europe and the Americas. It has a vivid and interesting history in the world of sports. Early evidence of soccer being played as a sport finds occurrence in China during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC. In China, it was during the Han dynasty that people dribbled leather balls by kicking it into a small net. Recorded facts also support the fact that Romans and Greeks used to play ball for fun and frolic. Some facts point to Kyoto in Japan where kicking of ball was a popular sport. It is said that early growth of the modern soccer started in England. Some amusing facts even mention that the first ball used was the head of some Danish brigand. It is said that during medieval times, the old form of soccer used to allow many ill practices like kicking, punching, biting and gouging. The main aim was to carry the ball to a target spot. People grew so fond of the game that they would throng the field all day long. Sometimes the competition grew fierce and masses got so wild that there were frequent incidents of violence during the game. It is also said that soldiers admired the game so much that they missed archery practice to watch it King Edward III banned soccer in 1365 owing to the growing incidents of violence and military indulgence in the sport. In 1424 King James I of Scotland also proclaimed in the Parliament— â€Å"Na man play at the Fute-ball No man shall play football When and where exactly did soccer start is a question that has no precise answer to it. You can easily say that this popular game has been played for more than three thousand years. The nativity of modern-day soccer must be credited to Britain. It was also known as the association football, with Scotland and England being the co-founders of the systematic game of soccer. Modern History of Soccer: 18th Century onwards In 1815, a major development took place that made soccer popular in Universities, Colleges and Schools. The popular English School and Eton College came forth with a set of rules, known as the Cambridge Rules. Football was segregated into two groups; some colleges and schools opted for Rugby rules that allowed tripping, shin kicking and also carrying the ball. These rules were exclusively prohibited as per the Cambridge rules. The history of modern-day soccer was established in 1863. In October 1863, eleven representatives from London clubs and schools met at the Freemason’s Tavern to set up common fundamental rules to control the matches amongst themselves. The outcome of this meeting was the formation of the Football Association. In December 1863, the Rugby Football and Association football finally split as the supporters of the Rugby School rules walked out. Firmly establishing the foundation of soccer in 1869, the Football Association strictly banned any kind of handling of the ball. Soccer’s popularity spread rapidly during the 1800s as British sailors, traders and soldiers introduced the sport to different parts of the globe. Italians, Austrians and Germans drew to Europe, while Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil adopted the sport in South America. FIFA was established in the year 1904 and by early 1930s, different leagues were operating from various countries. FIFA is credited with organizing the first world cup in Uruguay. The history of soccer is rich with events, development and its growing craze all over the world. You will find yourself amazed as you learn about different times of this wonderful sport that has held our awe and admiration for over 3000 years. why is soccer called football The game that the rest of the world calls football or â€Å"the beautiful game† goes by a different name in the United States and Canada soccer. Americans adopted the name soccer after almost 100 years of playing this game under the name football. The game’s history and development provides important clues about the use of the word soccer to identify the game in the countries that do not call it football.